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L-DAX
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Late/Early index, indicator for the price development on the trading floor at Frankfurt Stock Exchange between 8am and 9am as well as 5.30pm and 8pm.
As of 3 November 2003, Deutsche Börse is calculating additional late indices in a minute cycle between 8am and 9am as well as 5.30pm and 8.00pm in order to provide investors with indicators for the price development of German benchmark indices.
In its composition the L/E-DAX corresponds to the ?original? index DAX . However, it is based only on the prices achieved on the trading floor of the Frankfurt Stock Exchange traded by Xetra Frankfurt Specialists.
L/E-DAX and the other Late/Early Indices L/E-MDAX, L/E-SDAX and L/E-TecDAX serve merely as indicators and not as underlyings for any derivative products such as certificates, warrants, funds etc.
With the extension of trading to 8 pm they replaced the Late indices as of 1 July.
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Laspeyres index
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Price index that tracks the performance of a historical portfolio over time.
The Laspeyres index is used to calculate the value of a portfolio, whose
composition was established at a given base date, in terms of the prices in
effect at the reporting date. The composition of the portfolio thus does not
change over time. The stock indices of Deutsche Börse ? DAX® , MDAX® , etc.,
are calculated using the Laspeyres formula. Because the historical portfolio
would become obsolete with time (e.g., when new companies are included in the
index, or when companies in the index file for bankruptcy), Deutsche Börse
adjusts the formula to account for the new portfolio at each review date.
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Late indices
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Indicators for the price development on the trading floor of FWB® Frankfurter Wertpapierbörse (Frankfurt Stock Exchange) between 5.30pm and 8.00pm.
As of 3 November 2003, Deutsche Börse is calculating additional
late indices in a minute cycle between 5.30pm and 8.00pm in order to
provide investors with indicators for the price development of German
benchmark indices.
In their composition the late indices correspond to the ?original? indices
DAX ® ,
MDAX ® ,
SDAX ® ,
TecDAX ® and NEMAX® 50. However, they are based only on the prices achieved
on the trading floor of the Frankfurt Stock Exchange.
Under the names
L-DAX ® ,
L-MDAX ® ,
L-SDAX ® ,
L-TecDAX ® and L-NEMAX® 50 the late indices serve merely as indicators and
not as underlying for any derivative products such as certificates, warrants,
funds etc.
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Lead brokers
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In floor trading, lead brokers form the link between the buyer and the seller of a security. Thereby, each security is allocated only one lead broker. At FWB Frankfurter Wertpapierbörse (Frankfurt Stock Exchange), lead brokers operate in floor trading
According to the stock exchange rules and regulations, these financial
services providers or banks are must take into account all orders that have
been entered before the time of the price calculation. For these purposes,
lead brokers keep their own order book, i.e., a list containing all respective
buy and sell orders.
Lead brokers calculate the fair prices on the basis of the above-mentioned
data.
The lead brokers' price fixing process is monitored by the market surveillance
office of the respective exchange. Additionally, stock market supervision
authorities are also monitoring the process. There are currently 15 lead
brokers for all tradable securities in floor trading.
More
basics about lead brokers.
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Lead manager
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Bank that performs management and administrative functions within a syndicate.
The management of a standing syndicate usually rotates on a regular basis. Lead managers receive a special fee for performing these functions.
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Leverage (Warrant)
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The current price of the underlying instrument divided by the price of a warrant related to the underlying instrument.
The leverage is meant to express how much more strongly the value of an investment in a warrant theoretically rises (falls) than if the same sum was invested in the underlying instrument, if the price of the underlying instrument rises (falls) by one unit. This simple leverage calculation is based on the erroneous assumption that the price of the warrant and the underlying instrument change by the same absolute amount. Therefore, the refined leverage is calculated by multiplying the leverage by the delta. The result is often termed elasticity or leverage.
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Liability for statement made in a propectus (Prospekthaftung)
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Liability on the part of issuers and underwriting banks for the correctness of data contained in offering prospectuses.
When it can be clearly proven that information contained in an issuing prospectus is inaccurate, an investor who has purchased newly issued securities has the right to return them to the issuer or the underwriting bank, who are then obligated to refund the issue price as well as any related transaction costs. In the case of securities acquired on the open market, the investor is entitled to a refund of the purchase price; if the securities have already been sold, the investor will be compensated for any losses incurred.
The statute of limitations for filing a claim against an issuer or underwriting bank regarding statements made in a prospectus runs out six months after the information was determined to be incorrect, or three years after the prospectus was published, whichever comes first.
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Limit
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Highest (or lowest) price at which a securities order is to be executed.
A limit order specifies the highest price at which a purchase order is to be executed, or the lowest price at which a sell order is to be executed. For bonds, the limit is indicated as a percentage of the price; for stocks, it is indicated as a price per share. Limit orders are either good for the day or expire at the end of the month. If no limit is indicated when the order is placed, the order is filled immediately and the security is bought or sold on the exchange at the market price.
For stocks that involve dividend payments, the bank automatically adjusts existing limit orders to account for the dividend. In the case of an ordinary capital increase or a capital increase out of retained earnings, the order is canceled when share price is quoted ex-rights.
Banks and securities service providers usually charge a fee to cover the additional costs of processing limit orders.
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Liquidity
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Ability to buy or sell a security quickly and in large volume without substantially affecting its price.
The liquidity of a security is a function of the number of shares or units in
circulation and the number of market participants who are willing to buy or
sell them. If a security is liquid, this means that both supply and demand are
enough to ensure that a trade - another term for the simultaneous purchase and
sale of a security - can take place at any time.
At FWB® Frankfurter Wertpapierbörse (the Frankfurt Stock Exchange), so-called
designated sponsors furnish additional liquidity for securities that tend to
be less liquid by providing quotes at which they are willing to buy or sell
the security.
The liquidity of a security is usually measured on the basis of its stock
exchange turnover.
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List price
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Price of a security traded on the exchange
With the changes to the German Stock Exchange Act (Börsengesetz) brought
by the Fourth Financial Markets Promotion Act (Finanzmarktförderungsgesetz) of
2002, list prices (corresponding to the official German term "Kurs") were no
longer offcially fixed by appointed brokers. The German term ?Preis? (price)
is now preferred over ?Kurs?.
The price published for a stock or warrant is per single unit. Bonds and
futures contracts are noted as a percentage of the security?s nominal
value.
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Loan value
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Maximum line of credit that is collateralized by a securities account.
The loan value of a securities account is calculated on a daily basis by the bank where the account is maintained. The bank defines margin limits for particular securities categories. In Germany, investors can usually borrow up to 50 percent of the value of the German shares in their account, and up to 60 percent of the value of bonds and investment funds held.
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Lockup period
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Period during which existing shareholders are not permitted to sell their stock following an issue of new shares.
The shares of companies listed in Neuer Markt® were subject to a lockup period
of six months.
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Lokomarket
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A market segment of a stock exchange in which the settlement of a transaction - i. e. delivery, taking delivery, and payment - must take place within a short time after the transaction has been concluded.
Germany, the settlement period is two trading days. Cash market transactions
on FWB® Frankfurter Wertpapierbörse (the Frankfurt Stock Exchange) are
settled both on the floor and in the Xetra electronic trading system.
Antonym: derivatives market
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Lombard rate
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Former Interest rate on "Lombard loans" was extended by the Bundesbank. To receive a Lombard loan, the borrowing bank must pledge certain securities.
Banks can borrow money from the German Bundesbank to bridge temporary liquidity gaps by pledging securities as collateral. The Lombard rate in turn determines the interest rate on loans granted by the bank to its credit customers, and thus also influences money market interest rates. In most cases, the Lombard rate is one to two percent higher than the discount rate.
At the beginning of 1999, a comparable interest rate set by the European Central Bank (ECB) replaced the Lombard rate that was previously calculated by the Bundesbank.
Regulations on the eligibility of securities as collateral for Lombard loans are contained in the Bundesbank Act (Bundesbankgesetz, BbankG), section 19 para. 1.
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Long position
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Investment position in which an investor already owns securities and expects prices to rise
Synonym: Bull position
Antonym: Short position
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Low
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The lowest quoted price of a security, currency, or commodity.
Lows are calculated for a particular period, such as a day, a week, a month or a calendar year. They are often used as a benchmark for measuring volatility or performance.
Synonyms: Low price
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